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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1: Chlorinated Solvents and Solvent Stabilizers -- CONTENTS -- 1.1. History of Chlorinated Solvents -- 1.1.1. Major Applications of Chlorinated Solvents -- 1.1.1.1. Chlorinated Solvents in Historical or Current Use -- 1.1.1.2. Cold Cleaning -- 1.1.1.3. Vapor Degreasing -- 1.1.1.4. Dry Cleaning -- 1.1.1.5. Off-Site Solvent Recycling -- 1.2. Role of Solvent Stabilizers -- 1.2.1. Types of Solvent Stabilizers and Solvent Breakdown

1.2.2. Consequences of Solvent Breakdown -- 1.2.2.1. Operator Safety -- 1.2.2.2. Off-Spec Work -- 1.2.2.3. Production Line Shutdown -- 1.2.3. Stability of the Major Solvents -- 1.2.3.1. Performance Criteria for Solvent Stabilizers in Various Applications -- 1.2.3.2. Selection of Solvent Stabilizers -- 1.2.4. Causes of Solvent Breakdown -- 1.2.4.1. Oxidation -- 1.2.4.2. Ultraviolet Light Breakdown -- 1.2.4.3. Thermal Breakdown -- 1.2.4.4. Acid Breakdown -- 1.2.4.5. Solvent Deterioration Catalyzed by Metals and Metal Salts -- 1.2.5. Testing Solvent Stability and Performance

1.2.5.1. Acid Acceptance Value -- 1.2.5.2. Aluminum Scratch Test -- 1.2.6. Identifying Solvent Stabilizers Used in Chlorinated Solvents -- 1.2.6.1. Solvent Stabilizer Chemicals -- 1.2.6.2. Antioxidants -- 1.2.6.3. Light Inhibitors -- 1.2.6.4. Thermal Stabilizers -- 1.2.6.5. Acid Acceptors -- 1.2.6.6. Metal Inhibitors -- 1.2.7. Fate of Stabilizers in Industrial Applications and Solvent Recycling -- 1.2.7.1. Boiling-Point Differences -- 1.2.7.2. Solubility Differences -- 1.2.7.3. Vapor Pressure Differences -- 1.2.7.4. Carbon Adsorption -- 1.2.7.5. Thermal Stability

1.2.7.6. Replenishing Solvent Stabilizers -- References -- Chapter 2: 1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence -- CONTENTS -- 2.1. Chemistry of 1,4-Dioxane -- 2.2. History of 1,4-Dioxane Production -- 2.2.1. 1,4-Dioxane Production for Commercial Applications -- 2.2.2. Impurities and Stabilizers of 1,4-Dioxane -- 2.3. Direct Uses of 1,4-Dioxane -- 2.3.1. Cellulose Acetate Membrane Production for Reverse Osmosis and Kidney Dialysis Filters -- 2.3.2. Liquid Scintillation Cocktails -- 2.3.3. Tissue Preservative in Histology and Other Laboratory Microscopy Methods

2.3.4. Printing Inks, Paints and Related Uses -- 2.3.4.1. Inks and Printing Operations -- 2.3.4.2. Historical Restoration -- 2.3.4.3. Painting, Coating, and Paint Stripping -- 2.3.5. Flame Retardant Production -- 2.3.6. Rubber and Plastics Industry -- 2.3.7. Aircraft Deicing Fluid and Antifreeze -- 2.3.8. Adhesives -- 2.3.9. Polyurethane Materials for Medical Devices -- 2.3.10. Solvent-Based Cleaning Agents -- 2.3.11. Ether Supplements in Fuels -- 2.4. 1,4-Dioxane as a By-Product of Manufacturing -- 2.4.1. Ethoxylated Surfactants

2.4.1.1. Personal Care Products: Detergents, Shampoos, and Sundries

Filled with updated information, equations, tables, figures, and citations, Environmental Investigation and Remediation: 1,4-Dioxane and Other Solvent Stabilizers, Second Edition provides the full range of information on 1,4-dioxane. It offers passive and active remediation strategies and treatment technologies for 1,4-dioxane in groundwater and provides the technical resources to help readers choose the best methods for their particular situation. This new edition includes all new information on remediation costs and reflects the latest research in the field. It includes new practical case studies to illustrate the concepts presented, including 1,4-dioxane occurrence in Long Island and the Cape Fear watershed in North Carolina. Features: Fully updated throughout to reflect the most recent research on 1,4-dioxane Describes the nature and extent of 1,4-dioxane releases, their regulation, and their remediation in a variety of geologic settings Examines 1,4-dioxane analytical chemistry, its many industrial uses, and 1,4-dioxane occurrence as a byproduct in production of many products Provides ample site data for recent and relevant remediation case studies, and a review of the widely varying regulatory landscape for 1,4-dioxane cleanup levels and drinking water limits Discusses the importance of accounting for contaminant archeology in investigating contaminated sites, and leveraging solvent stabilizers in forensic investigations While written primarily for practicing professionals, such as environmental consultants and attorneys, water utility engineers, and laboratory managers, the book will also appeal to researchers and academics as well. This new edition serves as a highly useful reference on the occurrence, sampling and analysis, and remedial investigation and design for 1,4-dioxane and related contaminants.

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